PRIVACY: the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively or Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or state; claim to be able to control information about yourself.
A broad multicultural literary tradition going to the
beginnings of recorded history discusses the concept of privacy. One way of
categorizing all concepts of privacy is by considering all discussions as one
of these concepts. There are:
1.
The right to be let alone
2.
The option to limit the access others have to one's personal information
3.
Secrecy, or the option to conceal any information
from others
4.
Control over others' use of information about
oneself
5.
States of privacy
6.
Personhood and autonomy
7.
Self-identity and personal growth
8.
Protection of intimate relationships
RIGHT TO PRIVACY
Several amendments to the U.S. Constitution have been used
in varying degrees of success in determining a right to personal autonomy:
·
The First Amendment protects the privacy of
beliefs
·
The Third Amendment protects the privacy of the
home against the use of it for housing soldiers
·
The Fourth Amendment protects privacy against
unreasonable searches
·
The Fifth Amendment protects against
self-incrimination, which in turn protects the privacy of personal information
·
The Ninth Amendment says that the
"enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed
to deny or disparage other rights retained by the people." This has been
interpreted as justification for broadly reading the Bill of Rights to protect
privacy in ways not specifically provided in the first eight amendments.
INTERNET CHALLENGES TO PRIVACY
Information sent over the internet passes through many
different computer systems before it reaches its final destination. Each of
these systems is capable of monitoring, capturing, and storing communications
that pass through it.
o COOKIE
A cookie is a mechanism that allows a Web site to record the
user’s comings, goings and operations at the Web site, usually without the
user’s knowledge or consent.
o
WEB BUGS
A Web bug, also known as a Web beacon, is a file object that
is placed on a Web page or in an e-mail message to monitor user behavior.
Unlike a cookie, which can be accepted or declined by a browser user, a Web bug
arrives as just another GIF or other file object. It can usually only be
detected if the user looks at the source version of the page to find a tag that
loads from a different Web server than the rest of the page.
o Spy ware
Spyware is software that is installed on a computing device
without the end user's knowledge. Such software is controversial because even
though it is sometimes installed for relatively innocuous reasons, it can
violate the end user's privacy and has the potential to be abused.
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
o
E-mail encryption
o
Anonymity tools
o
Anti-spyware tools
o
Browser features
“Private” browsing
“Do not track” options
Overall, few technical solutions
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Ø
Intangible property of any kind created by
individuals or corporations. Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of
the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and
symbols, names and images used in commerce.
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
(PHOTO: ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PROFESSOR25)
COPYRIGHT
Copyright is a legal term used to describe the rights that
creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright
range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs,
databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings.
(IMAGE: CLIPART.COM)
A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. Generally
speaking, a patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or
whether - the invention can be used by others. In exchange for this right, the
patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available
in the published patent document.
(IMAGE: WIPO/GEN A)
A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or
services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks date
back to ancient times when craftsmen used to put their signature or
"mark" on their products.
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