CHALLENGES TO PRIVACY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

PRIVACY: the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively or Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or state; claim to be able to control information about yourself.

A broad multicultural literary tradition going to the beginnings of recorded history discusses the concept of privacy. One way of categorizing all concepts of privacy is by considering all discussions as one of these concepts. There are:

      1.       The right to be let alone

      2.       The option to limit the access others have to one's personal information

      3.       Secrecy, or the option to conceal any information from others

      4.       Control over others' use of information about oneself

      5.       States of privacy

      6.       Personhood and autonomy

      7.       Self-identity and personal growth

      8.       Protection of intimate relationships

RIGHT TO PRIVACY

Several amendments to the U.S. Constitution have been used in varying degrees of success in determining a right to personal autonomy:

      ·         The First Amendment protects the privacy of beliefs

      ·         The Third Amendment protects the privacy of the home against the use of it for housing soldiers 

      ·         The Fourth Amendment protects privacy against unreasonable searches

      ·         The Fifth Amendment protects against self-incrimination, which in turn protects the privacy of personal information

      ·         The Ninth Amendment says that the "enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage other rights retained by the people." This has been interpreted as justification for broadly reading the Bill of Rights to protect privacy in ways not specifically provided in the first eight amendments.

INTERNET CHALLENGES TO PRIVACY

Information sent over the internet passes through many different computer systems before it reaches its final destination. Each of these systems is capable of monitoring, capturing, and storing communications that pass through it.

  
  o   COOKIE

A cookie is a mechanism that allows a Web site to record the user’s comings, goings and operations at the Web site, usually without the user’s knowledge or consent.

  o   WEB BUGS

A Web bug, also known as a Web beacon, is a file object that is placed on a Web page or in an e-mail message to monitor user behavior. Unlike a cookie, which can be accepted or declined by a browser user, a Web bug arrives as just another GIF or other file object. It can usually only be detected if the user looks at the source version of the page to find a tag that loads from a different Web server than the rest of the page.

  
  o   Spy ware

Spyware is software that is installed on a computing device without the end user's knowledge. Such software is controversial because even though it is sometimes installed for relatively innocuous reasons, it can violate the end user's privacy and has the potential to be abused.

TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

   o   E-mail encryption

   o   Anonymity tools

   o   Anti-spyware tools

   o   Browser features

“Private” browsing

“Do not track” options

Overall, few technical solutions

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Ø  Intangible property of any kind created by individuals or corporations. Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

(PHOTO: ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/PROFESSOR25)

COPYRIGHT

Copyright is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music, paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings.

(IMAGE: CLIPART.COM)

PATENTS

A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention. Generally speaking, a patent provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others. In exchange for this right, the patent owner makes technical information about the invention publicly available in the published patent document.

(IMAGE: WIPO/GEN A)

TRADEMARK

A trademark is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks date back to ancient times when craftsmen used to put their signature or "mark" on their products.

Time to put your HIKING BOOTS again!

On Sunday 3 October it's time to put on your hiking boots again!

We will meet again at 9am at Impala hotel. Then we will go towards
Ngulelo (area near Arusha, towards Usa River) and hike on the foot of
Mt. Meru amongst coffee and banana farms. We will walk  towards
Tengeru where we will take a dala-dala back to town. We should be back
before 2 pm.

As usual we ask you for a contribution of 10,000 Tsh per person to pay
the guides plus bring some coins to pay for your dala-dala.
Please bring your own food and plenty of water because we will not be
stopping at a restaurant for lunch.

For more information please call me: 0684-144 074. It’s not necessary
to “sign up” beforehand, just come to Impala at 9am.

See you then!

Thanks to popular demand we will repeat this same hike on SATURDAY 16
October for those that cannot come on Sundays. Karibu!

Janneke

"Twende Hiking Group" is not a commercial initiative. We just like to
make hikes in the surroundings of Arusha with people who also like
being active and enjoy being in nature. We plan to go on a hike every
first Sunday of the month (and if successful, every 3rd Saturday of
the month).

How could you use these newsgroups to market your boots?

In their event they need to bring Hiking Boots so we are here as their solution, we offer the best quality of Hiking Boots, but don’t worry! To get high quality of Hiking Boots, they don’t need to spend much money! The price of our product will be in accordance with the price offered.

What ethical principles might you be violating if you use these message to sell your boots? Do you think there are ethical problems in using newsgroups this way?

In this way, ethical principles might us be violating for use these message to sell our product is about group privacy. But, actually in newsgroups when they want to make a group they can set the privacy is that can be seen for common or just for the members of the group. So, ethical problem in using newsgroup will less.   

Hiking Boots Industry

THE ORIGINAL MUCK BOOT COMPANY

SYSTEM FOR COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK

      
     COLLABORATION

     1. Short-lived and long-term

     2. Informal and formal 

   3. Collaboration occurs when two or more people work together to achieve a common goal, result or work project. Collaboration focus on task/mission accomplishment and usually takes place in business or organization and between businesses.

     BUSINESS BENEFITS OF COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK

      Productivity: complete a complex task faster and fewer errors 

Quality: communicate errors, fast corrective actions, and reduction in  buffers

              among production units.

Innovation: come up with innovative ideas for product and service.

Customer service: solve customer complaints, issues faster and more effectively

 Financial performance: collaborative firms have superior sales, sales growth and financial performance

      Investment in collaboration technology can bring organization improvements and returning high ROI (Return on Investment).

      IMPORTANCE OF COLLABORATION AND TEAMWORK

Ø  Changing nature of work: From factory to manufacturing and pre-computer office, work organize by silos (a structure to storing bulk materials)

Ø Growth of professional work: Interaction jobs tend to be prof. jobs in service sector because close coordination & collaboration

Ø  Changing organization of the firm: Past - used hierarchical fashion, Now - organized into groups & teams expected to develop their own methods 4 accomplish task, Senior managers observe & measure result

Ø Changing scope of the firm: Single location to multiple location and large global companies need to have teams working on global basis.

Ø Emphasis on innovation: Great individuals are working with a team of brilliant colleagues and strong collaboration practices & technologies are believed to increase quality of innovation.

Ø   Changing culture of work: The idea/belief from differ teams can produce better output.

Principles to Guide Ethical Decisions

Basic Concepts for Ethical Analysis

Responsibility: Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions.

 Accountability: Mechanisms for identifying responsible parties.

 Liability: Permits individuals (and firms) to recover damages done to them.

 Due process: Laws are well-known and understood, with an ability to appeal to higher authorities.

    
Five-step Ethical Analysis

    – Identify and clearly describe the facts.

  – Define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order value involved.

    – Identify the stakeholders.

    – Identify the options that you can reasonably take.

    – Identify the potential consequences of your options.

Criticisms of the Ethical Perspectives

Ethical [Cultural] Relativism

  1. May suggest an underlying moral laziness. The logic of relatavism may provide an excuse for not having or developing  moral standards that can be argued and tested against other claims, opinions and standards.

  2. Contradicts everyday experience. Moral reasoning is developed from conversation, interaction, and argument.

  3.  Provides no resolution for conflict of different ethical systems.

Utilitarianism

1. There is no agreement on what the "good" is. Who decides? Whose interests are first? (What if the "good" conflicts among issues of health, peace, profits, pleasure, and national security?)

2.  There is no determination of the 'rightness' or 'wrongness' of actions, but only of their consequences.

3.  May fail to take into account long-term effects of an action or decision.

4.  The principles of justice and individual rights are ignored.

Universalism

1.  The principle is imprecise; it lacks practical utility. That is, it is difficult to think of all humanity every time an ethical decision must be made.

2.  Conflicts among a person's interests, or duties, are not resolved. How does one  decide which duty comes first?

Human Rights

1.  Some individuals will pretend to advocate human rights while actually trying to advance selfish goals.

2.  Protection of rights can exaggerate certain entitlements in society at the expense of others. Do citizens of a racial minority in a society have greater rights than the majority?  What about hiring practices?

3.  The limits of rights are sometimes hard to establish.  Should an elderly person   who terminally ill (no cure) be kept alive as long as possible, at great cost to society?

Justice

1.  Outside of the jurisdiction of the state (the government), who decides what is right and what is wrong?  What is fair?

2. Under what circumstances can individuals disagree with the government, and    what can they do about it?

3.  Related to both of the above, can opportunities and burdens be equally shared   when it is not in the interest of those in power to do so?

Summary of Five Ethical


    Decision - Making Principles

Belief Systems	Source of Moral Authority
Ethical Relativism       (self-interest)	Moral authority is determined by individual or cultural self-interests, customs and religious principles. An act is morally right if it serves one’s self-interests and needs.
Utilitarianism       (calculation of cost/benefit)	Moral authority is determined by the consequences of an act: An act is morally right if the net benefits over costs (greatest good) are greatest for the majority (greatest number).
Universalism       (duty)	Moral authority is determined by the extent the intention of an act treats all people with respect. Includes the requirement that everyone would (should) act this way in the same circumstances.
Rights       (individual        entitlement)	Moral authority is determined by individual rights guaranteed to all in their pursuit of freedom of speech, choice, happiness, and self-respect
Justice       (fairness and equality)	Moral authority is determined by the extent that opportunities, wealth, and burdens are fairly distributed among all

E-BUSINESS, E-COMMERCE, AND E-GOVERNMENT

There are 3 types of information system which are :

1. E-Business
2. E-Commerce, and
3. E-Government.

Meaning of E-business is using of digital technology and internet to drive major business processes, and this is include and related to all kinds of business term.
The different with E-commerce is only for buying and selling goods or services through internet and this is part of e-business too.
E-government is for delivering information and services to citizens, employees and businesses through internet technology.

E-business, itself about conducting business via internet, and there are so many advantages in e-business such as cost-effective marketing. Nowadays, people consume so many things via internet and technology become number one, with people habit now companies can know what people want and need and if you make an advertisement in internet cost for advertisement will very low maybe free. Example if you make an advertisement in your account in Instagram it will very low cost, it is different than you make an advertisement and showing it in television.

The other advantage is flexible business hours. Actually, internet is available for 24 hours, seven days a week, and your business never closes. And literally you can make money when you fast asleep, your customers can chatting you for their need and you can reply it in the next morning, at least you still fast respond you will not lose your customers.

E-business also make us eliminates geographic boundaries that we can sell our product and it can reach in the four corners of the Earth, as long you have internet connection than it does not matter. And with help of delivery service e-businesses can easily send the product. Advantages of e-business and e-commerce are similar because e-commerce is a part of e-business. 

ALLOWING COMPANIES TO AMASS PERSONAL DATA FOR BEHAVIOR TARGETING

Behavioral targeting means as identifying consumers’ habits to help companies make target decision when it comes to marketing and advertising campaigns. There was some method in behavioral targeting like allowing companies to amass personal data. This method has pro and contra, our group pro with companies can use this method.

The benefit for companies to have personal data is to allow them to know customers very well. In this case companies will keep contact with customers, whenever they can see and stay directly with specific wants and needs in the world especially from their consumers. This can make a marketing strategy become simpler in order to create some products that suits with customers itself. They can know their customers very well, and understanding their clients, because what companies want to make or distribute the basis actually come from the customers. Because companies do not want sell something that not suitable for customers taste.

The other benefit is anticipate the needs and wants of companies current clients, this is mean that we can use base information for marketing decisions on the assumption that needs of current clients will close match with the future clients. Because use method to have personal data almost always guarantees a sale because companies already know what their future clients need.

The third benefit is increase the productivity. Use personal data allows companies to cut time and costs because they can focus on the advertising efforts on target audience. When companies can make an appropriate service, which is market effort that when you already make price tag and that meets their expectations so companies marketing sales profit will skyrocket. Although you in small businesses that do not have lots of money can still take advantage that you can use internet advertising market by implementing behavioral targeting tactics. 

We can use personal data for marketing research and new innovations too. Companies can discovered and found out a good way to figure out what kind of people buy their products. So companies can make an innovation towards their product and their sales will increase more.

The last is a win-win situation for both customers and advertisers which mean in online or e-commerce there a lot of ads, but advertisers only want to pay for clicks that driving sales and consumers want relevant ads about product or services they actually care about. So this is become win-win outcome for advertisers and consumers. And if the ads become the first searching and most looked for then you get money from that too, and you know that consumers need your companies.

If companies have personal data too, companies can prevent a crime action. We know their data and if they do something bad towards your companies you can search them and this is make your jobs become easier, you do not need to get confuse because you already have their data.